Behaviorism Study Guide.

Module 9
Learning (Behaviorist definition)- Some define it as a change in behavior or knowledge, but there is much more too it. Deals with classical conditioning or operant conditioning where a persons learning can change in behavior, and with experiences.
Classical Conditioning- In this there is an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response, they are automatic. We can train our thinking and ways to respond to a particular situation.
Generalization- When you group or associate certain objects with another, for example the child thought the white rabbit was the same as the white rat.
Discrimination- When we differentiate and distinguish. The next step in conditioning where you can decipher different qualities.
Extinction- If the stimulus is repeated with out unconditioned stimulus, the behavior begins to come extinct. 
Operant Conditioning- This includes paring of events, but it does not depend on involuntary behaviors. Has to do with voluntary behaviors.
Cueing- This is a non-verbal signal to help us or prompt us in remembering.
Reinforcement- This increases an understanding and is provided by review of material, helps us to put the information in our long-term memory.
Positive Reinforcement- This is adding desired rewards to a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement- Taking away unwanted behavior.
Presentation Punishment- For a specific action or performance this is what is taken away. 
Removal Punishment- When negative behavior is present and something is taken away.
Schedules of Reinforcement- There are ratio, interval fixed and variable schedules. All of which can reinforce.
Token Economy- When a student is given a token for behavior, which you can exchange for prizes etc that they pick.
Contingency contract- Where there is a contract for each student going over goals for behaviors, and reward is given based on performances.
Group Contingency- This is based on behavior or academic achievement of the class as a whole. The students can help decided this. 
Premack Principle- This is where you do not give tangible rewards more things like free time. Given especially in the early childhood years.
Shaping- When you want a behavior shown, steps are taken toward the behavior.
Fading- When an undesired behavior is being displayed and you gradually come out of it.
Reinforcing incompatible behaviors- Tow behaviors that are almost opposite, a teacher uses a strategy to reinforce the positive behavior. 
Response cost- this is what happened in a given situation, the result of an action. Weather it be good or bad.